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Apa Itu Regresi Data Panel?

What (Apa?)


Regresi data panel adalah teknik analisis regresi yang memanfaatkan panel data, yaitu gabungan data cross-sectional dan time-series, dimana setiap unit (orang, perusahaan, negara, dll.) diamati sepanjang periode waktu tertentu . Model ini memungkinkan kita mengontrol heterogenitas yang tidak teramati (unobserved heterogeneity) antar unit melalui fixed effects atau random effects model .


Why (Mengapa?)

Mengurangi bias akibat variabel yang tidak diamati namun tetap memengaruhi Y, yang bisa dikontrol via model fixed/random effects . Meningkatkan akurasi estimasi dan validitas kausalitas karena memperhitungkan variasi antar dan antar-waktu . Memudahkan pemodelan hubungan dinamis dan tren melalui model panel yang lebih kaya .


Who (Siapa?)


Ekonom, analis kebijakan publik, dan ilmuwan sosial menggunakan model panel untuk memahami tren longitudinal di antara entitas seperti negara atau perusahaan.


Investor, manajer keuangan, dan peneliti bisnis memanfaatkan regresi data panel untuk menganalisis profitabilitas, seperti dalam studi profitabilitas firma dengan metode hybrid model .


Akademisi dan data scientist menerapkan fixed/random effects atau GMM untuk survei longitudinal dan prediksi pembangunan ekonomi.


When (Kapan?)

Regresi data panel digunakan ketika data yang tersedia memiliki dua dimensi: unit dan waktu (misalnya perusahaan dari tahun ke tahun) . Ideal saat ingin memisahkan "dampak waktu-invariabel" (misalnya karakteristik tetap tiap unit) dari variabel yang berubah seiring waktu.


Where (Di mana?)

Ekonomi & Keuangan: Analisis profitabilitas firma selama waktu tertentu (model panel rentan seperti hybrid forecasting ROA/ROE) .

Keuangan Perbankan: Studi faktor profitabilitas bank di Angola menggunakan panel-data GMM dinamis.

Manajemen & Corporate Governance: Pengaruh governance terhadap performa keuangan perusahaan S&P500 via fixed-effects panel regression.

Ilmu Politik & Sosial: Evaluasi efek kebijakan lintas negara/divisi data seiring waktu.

How (Bagaimana cara kerjanya?)

1. Mengidentifikasi panel data (balanced vs. unbalanced).

2. Memilih model estimasi:

Pooled OLS (asumsi heterogenitas tidak relevan),

Fixed Effects (FE) – untuk mengontrol variabel tetap tiap unit,

Random Effects (RE) – bila efek unit diasumsikan tak berkorelasi dengan variabel independen .

3. Gunakan Hausman test untuk memilih antara FE atau RE.

4. Estimasi koefisien dan interpretasi efek tetap dan temporal.

5. Untuk data dinamis atau masalah endogenitas, terapkan GMM (Arellano-Bond) atau hybrid model seperti STL-RE with ML .

6. Evaluasi model via diagnose seperti heteroskedastisitas, autocorrelation, dan robustness check.


Contoh Singkat

Dalam studi Martyushev et al. (2025) pada jurnal Mathematics, digunakan hybrid forecasting model:

Data: panel firma industri teknologi (2013–2018), dengan prediksi untuk 2019.

Model: kombinasi STL-decomposition, Random Effects, dan machine learning (LSTM & CatBoost).

Hasil: akurasi prediksi profitabilitas (ROA & ROE) meningkat signifikan dengan memanfaatkan struktur panel data .


Referensi (APA: Scopus 5 Tahun Terakhir)

Martyushev, N. V., Spitsin, V., Klyuev, R. V., Spitsina, L., Konyukhov, V. Y., Oparina, T. A., & Boltrushevich, A. E. (2025). Predicting firm’s performance based on panel data: Using hybrid methods to improve forecast accuracy. Mathematics, 13(8), Article 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081247

Cangombe, E. L., Almeida, L. G., & Tavares, F. O. (2025). Determinants of banking profitability in Angola: A panel data analysis with dynamic GMM estimation. Risks, 13(7), Article 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks13070123

Vintilă, G. (2025). Exploring the key drivers of financial performance in S&P 500 companies: A fixed-effects panel-data regression approach. Information, 16(8), 691. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080691


Kami mengundang Anda untuk memberikan tanggapan atau pertanyaan mengenai algoritma panel data, aplikasi di bidang Anda, atau pengalaman praktis dalam pemilihan model (FE vs RE) dan estimasi GMM. Silakan tuliskan komentar Anda—kami senang berdiskusi lebih lanjut.


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