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Cara Mengatasi Plagiarisme dengan Parafrase: Analisis dalam Format 5W1H

📖 Cara Mengatasi Plagiarisme dengan Parafrase: Analisis dalam Format 5W1H


1. What (Apa Itu Plagiarisme dan Parafrase?)


Plagiarisme adalah tindakan mengambil karya, ide, atau kata-kata orang lain tanpa mencantumkan sumber yang tepat, lalu mengakuinya sebagai milik sendiri. Dalam konteks akademik, plagiarisme merupakan pelanggaran serius yang dapat mengakibatkan sanksi akademik, penolakan publikasi, hingga rusaknya reputasi penulis (Bretag, 2019).


Parafrase adalah teknik menuliskan kembali gagasan atau kalimat dari sumber asli menggunakan kata-kata dan struktur kalimat berbeda, tanpa mengubah makna inti. Parafrase yang benar harus diikuti dengan sitasi sumber untuk menghindari plagiarisme. Dengan demikian, parafrase menjadi salah satu strategi utama dalam academic writing support untuk menjaga integritas penelitian (Shi, 2020).


2. Who (Siapa yang Harus Menggunakan Parafrase?)


Parafrase penting bagi:

Mahasiswa → menulis skripsi, tesis, atau disertasi, agar bisa menggunakan literatur tanpa plagiasi.

Dosen & Peneliti → menghasilkan artikel jurnal, conference paper, atau laporan riset.

Editor & Proofreader → membantu mengurangi tingkat similarity Turnitin/ithenticate agar naskah layak publikasi.

Institusi & Jurnal → menggunakan parafrase sebagai standar etika publikasi, memastikan semua artikel terhindar dari duplikasi (Kauffman, 2021).

Contoh: Mahasiswa S2 yang menulis tesis tentang “digital banking adoption” menemukan teori TAM (Technology Acceptance Model). Alih-alih menyalin kata demi kata, ia melakukan parafrase dan menambahkan sitasi Davis (1989) sebagai sumber teori.


3. When (Kapan Parafrase Digunakan?)


Parafrase digunakan sepanjang proses penulisan akademik, terutama ketika:

1. Studi literatur → merangkum teori dan penelitian terdahulu.

2. Pembahasan → membandingkan hasil penelitian dengan studi sebelumnya.

3. Kesimpulan → memperkuat argumen dengan rujukan, namun ditulis ulang dengan bahasa peneliti.


Sejak 2020, dengan meningkatnya deteksi Turnitin di universitas, penggunaan parafrase semakin krusial karena banyak institusi menerapkan batas maksimum similarity index ≤ 20% untuk skripsi atau artikel (Ahmad et al., 2022).


4. Where (Di Mana Parafrase Diterapkan?)

Parafrase diterapkan di berbagai konteks akademik:

Kampus → dalam skripsi, tesis, disertasi, laporan penelitian.

Jurnal Ilmiah → artikel untuk Scopus, WoS, SINTA, atau Copernicus.

Konferensi Akademik → prosiding internasional.

Buku Ajar / Monograf → mengutip teori dengan bahasa baru agar tidak melanggar hak cipta.


Contoh penerapan: Artikel yang dikirim ke jurnal Scopus Q3 sering ditolak karena similarity > 30%. Setelah dilakukan parafrase dan sitasi ulang, similarity turun ke 12% dan artikel berhasil diterima (Nasution & Harun, 2023).


5. Why (Mengapa Parafrase Penting untuk Mengatasi Plagiarisme?)

Parafrase penting karena:

1. Mengurangi risiko plagiarisme langsung (copy-paste).

2. Meningkatkan keterampilan menulis akademik dengan menggunakan bahasa sendiri.

3. Membantu pembaca memahami ulang dengan gaya bahasa yang lebih jelas.

4. Meningkatkan peluang publikasi karena naskah bebas dari duplikasi berlebihan.

5. Membangun orisinalitas penulis sekalipun menggunakan referensi yang sama (Sutherland-Smith, 2020).


Jika plagiarisme terdeteksi di jurnal internasional, konsekuensinya bisa berat: artikel ditarik (retracted), penulis masuk daftar hitam, bahkan kampus bisa dikenai sanksi (Gasparyan et al., 2022). Oleh karena itu, parafrase adalah solusi yang lebih etis.


6. How (Bagaimana Cara Melakukan Parafrase yang Baik?)


Langkah-langkah parafrase:

1. Baca & pahami sumber asli → jangan langsung ubah kata demi kata.

2. Tulis ulang dengan bahasa sendiri → gunakan sinonim, ubah struktur kalimat.

3. Gunakan variasi gramatikal → ubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif, atau sebaliknya.

4. Cek kesesuaian makna → pastikan inti tidak berubah.

5. Tambahkan sitasi → tetap tuliskan sumber.


Contoh:


Asli: “Digital banking adoption is influenced by user trust and perceived ease of use.”


Parafrase: “Keputusan pengguna dalam mengadopsi perbankan digital terutama dipengaruhi oleh faktor kepercayaan serta kemudahan penggunaan (Davis, 1989).”


🔎 Tabel Perbedaan: Kutipan Langsung vs Parafrase


Aspek Kutipan Langsung Parafrase


Bentuk Kalimat diambil persis dari sumber Kalimat diubah dengan bahasa penulis

Panjang Biasanya pendek (≤ 40 kata) Bisa lebih panjang/pendek, fleksibel

Risiko Plagiarisme Tinggi jika tanpa tanda kutip & sitasi Rendah jika disertai sitasi

Tujuan Menyampaikan pernyataan otoritatif Menjelaskan ulang dengan pemahaman sendiri

Contoh “AI improves efficiency in banking” (Smith, 2021, p. 22). AI meningkatkan efisiensi perbankan melalui otomatisasi (Smith, 2021).


✅ Keunggulan Parafrase


1. Menurunkan similarity index di Turnitin/iThenticate.

2. Menunjukkan pemahaman mendalam penulis.

3. Memberikan variasi bahasa akademik.

4. Diterima secara luas dalam publikasi ilmiah (Ahmad et al., 2022).




⚠️ Kekurangan Parafrase


1. Membutuhkan waktu & keterampilan menulis.

2. Jika berlebihan, makna bisa menyimpang.

3. Tetap rawan plagiarisme jika tidak disertai sitasi.

4. Bisa menurunkan kekuatan argumen asli bila tidak hati-hati (Bretag, 2019).


📚 Contoh Kasus Praktis


Mahasiswa dengan naskah skripsi memiliki similarity 45% di Turnitin.

Setelah melakukan parafrase pada bagian tinjauan pustaka dan menambahkan sitasi, similarity turun menjadi 14%.

Sebelum: “Leadership style has a significant effect on employee performance.”

Sesudah (Parafrase): “Kinerja karyawan terbukti dipengaruhi oleh pola kepemimpinan yang diterapkan manajemen (Johnson, 2020).”



Hasil: skripsi diterima tanpa masalah plagiarisme.


💬 Ajakan Diskusi


Parafrase terbukti efektif sebagai solusi akademik untuk menghindari plagiarisme. Namun, sebagian mahasiswa masih menganggap parafrase sekadar sinonim kata, padahal membutuhkan keterampilan akademik yang lebih dalam.


👉 Menurut Anda, apakah parafrase cukup untuk menjaga integritas akademik, atau harus dikombinasikan dengan strategi lain (misalnya, kutipan langsung & sintesis teori)?

Tulis pendapat Anda di kolom komentar atau kunjungi laacademic.com 🚀



📚 Referensi (APA, 2019–2024, Scopus-indexed & Books)


Ahmad, A., Ismail, S., & Hussain, N. (2022). Plagiarism detection and prevention in higher education: A review. Journal of Academic Ethics, 20(4), 621–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09419-2


Bretag, T. (2019). Challenges in addressing plagiarism in higher education. Handbook of Academic Integrity, 1–14. Springer.


Gasparyan, A. Y., Nurmashev, B., Seksenbayev, B., Trukhachev, V., & Kitas, G. D. (2022). Plagiarism in the context of academic integrity: Preventive strategies. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 37(7), e62. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e62


Kauffman, C. (2021). Academic publishing and plagiarism policies: Institutional perspectives. Learned Publishing, 34(3), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1372


Nasution, R., & Harun, H. (2023). Reducing plagiarism through paraphrasing in Indonesian higher education. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 4, 100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100217


Shi, L. (2020). Paraphrasing strategies and plagiarism avoidance: Evidence from academic writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 47, 100712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2020.100712


Sutherland-Smith, W. (2020). Reconsidering plagiarism in the digital age: New challenges for academic integrity. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(6),1153–1166. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2020.1713730




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