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5 Kesalahan Umum Mahasiswa Saat Menulis Proposal Skripsi

 5 Kesalahan Umum Mahasiswa Saat Menulis Proposal Skripsi

Menulis proposal skripsi adalah salah satu tahap paling penting dalam perjalanan akademik mahasiswa. Proposal berfungsi sebagai peta jalan penelitian, memastikan penelitian yang dilakukan relevan, sistematis, dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Namun, banyak mahasiswa menghadapi kendala serius di tahap ini karena berbagai kesalahan mendasar. Artikel ini akan membahas 5 kesalahan umum mahasiswa saat menulis proposal skripsi, dilengkapi dengan contoh nyata, solusi, serta rujukan akademik terkini.

1. Latar Belakang Tidak Jelas (What)

Salah satu kesalahan paling sering terjadi adalah menulis latar belakang penelitian yang tidak fokus. Banyak mahasiswa hanya mengutip teori umum atau data statistik tanpa menunjukkan research gap (kesenjangan penelitian). Akibatnya, dosen pembimbing menilai proposal terlalu lemah dan tidak memiliki urgensi akademik.

Contoh: Mahasiswa menulis tentang “perkembangan e-commerce di Indonesia” tanpa menjelaskan permasalahan spesifik yang ingin diteliti, misalnya “faktor yang memengaruhi loyalitas pelanggan pada marketplace X di kalangan Gen Z”.

👉 Solusi: Gunakan literatur terbaru (5 tahun terakhir) untuk menunjukkan celah penelitian. Misalnya, jika banyak penelitian tentang e-commerce fokus pada generasi milenial, Anda bisa mengajukan fokus pada generasi Z (Hidayat & Sari, 2021).

2. Rumusan Masalah Terlalu Umum (Who)

Kesalahan lain adalah membuat rumusan masalah yang terlalu luas atau bahkan sekadar pernyataan deskriptif. Rumusan masalah seharusnya berbentuk pertanyaan penelitian yang spesifik, operasional, dan terukur.

Contoh: “Bagaimana pengaruh media sosial terhadap perilaku konsumen?” terlalu luas.
Lebih baik: “Bagaimana pengaruh intensitas penggunaan TikTok terhadap minat beli produk fashion lokal di kalangan mahasiswa?”

👉 Solusi: Gunakan teori sebagai dasar penyusunan pertanyaan penelitian. Rumusan masalah yang baik biasanya muncul dari variabel yang sudah dipetakan dalam kerangka teori (Sugiyono, 2020).

3. Tinjauan Pustaka Copy-Paste (When)

Banyak mahasiswa melakukan kesalahan dengan menyalin langsung teori atau penelitian sebelumnya tanpa analisis kritis. Proposal skripsi bukan sekadar rangkuman teori, melainkan harus menunjukkan posisi penelitian Anda dalam konteks literatur yang ada.

Contoh: Mahasiswa hanya menuliskan “Menurut Kotler (2017), pemasaran adalah …” tanpa mengaitkan dengan konteks penelitian di Indonesia atau tren terbaru seperti digital marketing.

👉 Solusi: Lakukan literature review kritis. Gunakan teknik sintesis: bandingkan hasil penelitian sebelumnya, tunjukkan persamaan, perbedaan, dan celah. Menurut Creswell & Creswell (2018), literature review harus menghubungkan penelitian Anda dengan teori utama dan penelitian terdahulu, bukan sekadar daftar kutipan.

4. Metodologi Tidak Tepat (Where)

Metodologi sering menjadi bagian paling krusial yang justru sering salah. Banyak mahasiswa mencampuradukkan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif tanpa alasan jelas, atau menggunakan instrumen penelitian yang tidak sesuai dengan tujuan.

Contoh: Mahasiswa ingin mengukur “tingkat stres mahasiswa” tetapi hanya menggunakan wawancara tanpa instrumen psikometri yang valid.

👉 Solusi: Pastikan metodologi sesuai dengan rumusan masalah. Jika penelitian kuantitatif, gunakan instrumen dengan reliabilitas dan validitas teruji (misalnya skala Likert). Jika penelitian kualitatif, pastikan ada teknik triangulasi data (Yin, 2018).

5. Tidak Memperhatikan Format dan Aturan Penulisan (Why & How)

Kesalahan terakhir adalah mengabaikan format penulisan proposal yang ditetapkan universitas. Kesalahan seperti salah sitasi, daftar pustaka tidak sesuai gaya (APA/Harvard), atau struktur bab yang tidak konsisten sering menjadi alasan proposal ditolak.

Contoh: Mahasiswa menggunakan gaya campuran (APA dan MLA), menulis daftar pustaka tidak konsisten, atau bahkan tidak menyertakan DOI.

👉 Solusi: Gunakan software manajemen referensi seperti Mendeley, Zotero, atau EndNote. Selain itu, pelajari pedoman penulisan proposal skripsi universitas Anda. Menurut American Psychological Association (2020), konsistensi sitasi sangat penting untuk kredibilitas penelitian.

📊 Tabel Perbandingan Kesalahan vs Solusi

NoKesalahan UmumContohSolusi Praktis
1Latar belakang tidak jelasUmum: “E-commerce di Indonesia”Tunjukkan research gap dengan literatur terbaru
2Rumusan masalah terlalu umum“Pengaruh media sosial terhadap konsumen”Buat pertanyaan spesifik berdasarkan variabel teoritis
3Tinjauan pustaka copy-pasteHanya menyalin definisiLakukan sintesis kritis dari penelitian terdahulu
4Metodologi tidak tepatSalah instrumenSesuaikan metode dengan tujuan, gunakan instrumen valid & reliabel
5Mengabaikan format dan aturan penulisanSitasi campuran, daftar pustaka salahGunakan Mendeley/Zotero, ikuti panduan resmi universitas, pakai gaya konsisten

📌 Contoh Kasus Mahasiswa

Seorang mahasiswa psikologi menulis proposal tentang “stres akademik mahasiswa”. Latar belakang hanya menyalin data WHO tanpa menunjukkan konteks lokal. Rumusan masalah terlalu luas: “Apakah mahasiswa stres saat kuliah?”

Metode yang dipakai wawancara, padahal tujuan penelitian kuantitatif. Hasilnya, proposal ditolak. Setelah revisi, ia menambahkan research gap berdasarkan studi terbaru, mempersempit rumusan masalah, serta menggunakan instrumen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Proposal kemudian diterima.

✅ Keunggulan Menghindari Kesalahan Proposal

  1. Proposal lebih cepat disetujui pembimbing.

  2. Penelitian lebih terarah dan efisien.

  3. Meningkatkan peluang publikasi di jurnal bereputasi.

⚠️ Kekurangan Jika Kesalahan Dibiarkan

  1. Proses skripsi menjadi lebih lama.

  2. Revisi berulang kali menguras energi.

  3. Penelitian dianggap kurang kredibel oleh penguji.

💬 Ajakan Diskusi

Kesalahan dalam menulis proposal skripsi sering dianggap sepele, padahal berpengaruh besar terhadap kelancaran penelitian.

👉 Bagaimana pengalaman Anda saat menulis proposal skripsi? Apakah pernah ditolak karena salah metodologi atau latar belakang lemah? Yuk diskusikan di laacademic.com 🚀

📚 Referensi (APA, 2019–2024, Scopus/Books Only)

  • American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). APA.

  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications.

  • Hidayat, A., & Sari, M. (2021). Common mistakes in undergraduate thesis proposals: A case study in Indonesian higher education. Journal of Educational Research, 114(2), 45–57.

  • Sugiyono. (2020). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

  • Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. SAGE Publications.


 

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