Mixed Method: Pendekatan Penelitian yang Menggabungkan Kekuatan Dua Dunia

What: Apa Itu Mixed Method?

Mixed method adalah pendekatan dalam penelitian yang menggabungkan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif dalam satu studi. Tujuannya adalah mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih komprehensif terhadap suatu fenomena, dengan menggabungkan data numerik (kuantitatif) dan data deskriptif (kualitatif).

Menurut Creswell & Plano Clark (2018), mixed method adalah “suatu pendekatan penelitian yang mengintegrasikan data kuantitatif dan kualitatif untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih luas dan mendalam.” Dalam praktiknya, peneliti bisa melakukan survei untuk mendapatkan data statistik, dan wawancara mendalam untuk menggali makna di balik angka tersebut.

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Why: Mengapa Mixed Method Digunakan?

Pendekatan ini digunakan ketika satu jenis data saja tidak cukup untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian secara menyeluruh. Beberapa alasan penting menggunakan mixed method adalah:

Kelengkapan informasi: menggabungkan kekuatan data kuantitatif (generalizable) dan kualitatif (mendalam).

Validasi silang (triangulasi): memperkuat temuan dari satu pendekatan dengan pendekatan lainnya.

Kontekstualisasi data: hasil statistik menjadi lebih bermakna ketika dijelaskan dengan data naratif (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2020).

Contohnya, dalam studi tentang efektivitas program pelatihan guru, data kuantitatif dapat menunjukkan peningkatan skor tes, sedangkan data kualitatif bisa menjelaskan pengalaman peserta selama pelatihan.

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When: Kapan Mixed Method Digunakan?

Mixed method cocok digunakan ketika:

Pertanyaan penelitian bersifat kompleks dan multidimensi.

Diperlukan pendekatan bertahap (sequential) atau simultan (concurrent).

Peneliti ingin melakukan evaluasi program, studi kebijakan, atau analisis fenomena sosial dengan pendekatan menyeluruh (Sugiyono, 2022).

Biasanya, mixed method dipakai di bidang pendidikan, kesehatan masyarakat, kebijakan publik, dan psikologi sosial.

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Where: Di Mana Mixed Method Sering Diterapkan?

Mixed method banyak diterapkan di:

Lembaga pendidikan dan universitas untuk mengevaluasi proses belajar-mengajar.

Organisasi non-profit dalam menilai efektivitas intervensi sosial.

Penelitian kebijakan publik di lembaga pemerintahan.

Bidang kesehatan untuk mengukur dampak program dan pengalaman pasien secara bersamaan (Doyle et al., 2021).

Contohnya, WHO menggunakan mixed method untuk menilai keberhasilan vaksinasi dengan menggabungkan data cakupan imunisasi dan persepsi masyarakat.

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How: Bagaimana Mixed Method Dilakukan?

Mixed method dilakukan melalui tiga desain utama:

1. Convergent Parallel Design

Pengumpulan data kualitatif dan kuantitatif secara bersamaan, lalu dianalisis secara terpisah dan digabungkan.

2. Explanatory Sequential Design

Dimulai dengan data kuantitatif, lalu dilanjutkan dengan data kualitatif untuk menjelaskan hasil.

3. Exploratory Sequential Design

Dimulai dengan kualitatif, kemudian diikuti kuantitatif untuk menguji temuan awal (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2018).

Langkah-langkah pelaksanaan:

Menyusun pertanyaan penelitian gabungan

Merancang desain penelitian campuran

Mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data

Mengintegrasikan hasil

Menarik kesimpulan dan implikasi

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Kesimpulan

Mixed method adalah pendekatan fleksibel dan kuat untuk menggali fenomena secara mendalam dan luas. Dengan menggabungkan kekuatan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif, mixed method membantu peneliti memperoleh pemahaman yang menyeluruh, relevan di era data-driven saat ini.

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Daftar Pustaka (APA Style)

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Doyle, L., Brady, A. M., & Byrne, G. (2021). An overview of mixed methods research – revisited. Journal of Research in Nursing, 26(7), 662–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/17449871211004887

Sugiyono. (2022). Metode Penelitian Kombinasi (Mixed Methods). Bandung: Alfabeta.

Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2020). Foundations of Mixed Metho

ds Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. SAGE.

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