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Pengertian dan Formula Dasar Poisson distribution

 

📌 1. Pengertian dan Formula Dasar

Distribusi Poisson adalah distribusi probabilitas diskrit yang menggambarkan jumlah kejadian acak yang terjadi dalam suatu interval waktu, ruang, atau area tertentu, dengan asumsi frekuensi rata-rata kejadian diketahui dan kejadian bersifat independen dan terjadi pada tingkat konstan arXiv+2Cuemath+2Learning Lab - RMIT University -+2.

Rumusnya:
P(X=k)=λkeλk!P(X = k) = \frac{\lambda^k e^{-\lambda}}{k!}


2. Karakteristik Utama


3. Kapan Digunakan? 🧪

Kondisi ideal:

Contoh aplikasi:

  • Jumlah panggilan di pusat layanan per jam.

  • Jumlah cacat produk dalam proses manufaktur.

  • Jumlah kecelakaan mobil di jalan tertentu per hari.

  • Insiden langka seperti gempa atau meteor besar Cuemath.


4. Contoh Perhitungan

Misalnya rata-rata 3 panggilan per jam (λ=3), maka probabilitas mendapat tepat 4 panggilan:

:contentReference[oaicite:23]index=23\f:contentReference[oaicite:24]index=24  (16.8%):contentReference[oaicite:25]index=25.:contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23} \f:contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24} \; (16.8\%) :contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.

Contoh lain: toko roti menjual rata-rata 5 croissant per jam (λ=5). Probabilitas tidak menjual satupun dalam waktu 20 menit (1/3 jam):
λ efektif = 5 × 1/3 ≈ 1.667 → P(X=0) ≈ 0.1888 (18.9 %) GeeksforGeeks.


5. Batasan & Ekstensi Modern (2020–2025)

Beberapa model lanjutan dikembangkan untuk mengatasi kasus di mana asumsi Poisson tidak terpenuhi:

Zero‑inflated Poisson (ZIP)

Digunakan bila banyak data dengan nilai nol melebihi prediksi Poisson, misalnya klaim asuransi di mana banyak orang tidak mengklaim sama sekali. Model ini memperkenalkan parameter π sebagai proporsi zero‑inflation Reddit+1Reddit+1Wikipedia.

Zero‑truncated Poisson

Distribusi Poisson yang dibatasi hanya ke nilai positif (≥1), digunakan saat kejadian nol tidak mungkin terjadi, seperti jumlah barang dalam keranjang belanja Wikipedia.

Mixed Poisson / Overdispersion Models

Untuk data dengan varians lebih besar daripada λ (overdispersed) atau distribusi yang lebih kompleks, model campuran seperti negative binomial atau mixed Poisson digunakan. Studi terbaru: Mixed Poisson families dengan distribusi mixing real-valued (tahun 2024), memberikan fleksibilitas besar dalam memodelkan data count nyata arXiv+1LEARN STATISTICS EASILY+1.

Bivariate Poisson‑Gamma (2025)

Model ini menggabungkan distribusi Poisson diskrit dengan distribusi Gamma untuk membentuk distribusi bivariat baru, yang cocok untuk analisis data dengan ketergantungan antara dua variabel count. Telah diterapkan melalui metode maximum likelihood estimation pada data nyata dan simulasi arXiv.


6. Rangkuman Tabel

AspekDistribusi Poisson StandarEkstensi/Lanjutan
Mean = VariansYaTidak selalu (ZIP, mixed Poisson dapat melebihi λ)
Observasi nol banyakKurang cocokZIP cocok untuk zero-inflation
Nol tidak mungkinTidak berlakuModel truncated Poisson (≥1)
OverdispersionTidak (varians = mean)Mixed Poisson atau Negative Binomial sesuai kondisi
Hubungan antara variabelTidak tersediaBivariate Poisson-Gamma mampu memodelkan interdependensi

7. Ringkasan Singkat

Distribusi Poisson adalah alat statistik kuat untuk memodelkan count data (jumlah kejadian) dalam interval waktu/ruang yang independen dan terjadi pada tingkat konstan. Namun, dalam praktik nyata (misalnya banyak nol, overdispersion, atau hubungan antar variabel), berliterasi dengan model Poisson standar diperlukan. Relevansi modern—terutama penelitian terbaru seperti mixed Poisson dan bivariate Poisson‑Gamma—memperluas kemampuan distribusi ini ke area aplikasi yang lebih kompleks dan realistis Encyclopedia Britannica+14arXiv+14LEARN STATISTICS EASILY+14arXiv.



📚 Daftar Referensi:

  1. Cuemath. (2023). Understanding the Poisson Distribution: Definition, Formula, and Applications.
    https://www.cuemath.com/learn/understanding-the-poisson-distribution-definition-formula-and-applications/

  2. Wikipedia. (2024). Poisson Distribution.
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution

  3. Arxiv.org. (2024). Flexible Mixed Poisson Distribution Families.
    Woldemariam, K., et al.
    https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.17614

  4. Arxiv.org. (2025). Maximum Likelihood Estimation of a Bivariate Poisson–Gamma Distribution.
    Abbassi, S., & Amini, M.
    https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.15062

  5. GeeksforGeeks. (2022). Poisson Distribution – Meaning, Characteristics, Mean, and Variance.
    https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/poisson-distribution-meaning-characteristics-shape-mean-and-variance

  6. Simplilearn. (2021). Poisson Distribution in Data Science.
    https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/data-science-tutorial/poisson-distribution

  7. RMIT Learning Lab. (2023). Poisson Distribution Tutorial.
    https://learninglab.rmit.edu.au/maths-statistics/statistics/s19-poisson-distribution

  8. Wikipedia. (2023). Zero-inflated Model.
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-inflated_model

  9. Wikipedia. (2022). Zero-truncated Poisson Distribution.
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-truncated_Poisson_distribution


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