Apa itu Metode Penelitian?

What (Apa itu Metode Penelitian?)

Metode penelitian adalah serangkaian prosedur atau langkah sistematis yang digunakan peneliti untuk mengumpulkan, menganalisis, dan menginterpretasikan data guna menjawab pertanyaan penelitian atau menguji hipotesis (Sugiyono, 2019). Metode ini menjadi kerangka kerja yang membantu peneliti menentukan strategi, pendekatan, dan teknik yang digunakan dalam proses penelitian. Terdapat berbagai jenis metode penelitian, seperti metode kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan campuran (mixed methods), yang pemilihannya disesuaikan dengan tujuan dan sifat penelitian.

Why (Mengapa Metode Penelitian Penting?)

Metode penelitian penting karena memberikan pedoman yang jelas dalam menjalankan penelitian sehingga hasilnya valid, reliabel, dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan (Creswell & Creswell, 2021). Tanpa metode yang tepat, penelitian berisiko menghasilkan data yang tidak akurat, bias, atau sulit diinterpretasikan. Selain itu, metode yang terstruktur mempermudah peneliti dalam mengkomunikasikan temuan kepada pihak lain, seperti akademisi, praktisi, atau pembuat kebijakan.

When (Kapan Metode Penelitian Digunakan?)

Metode penelitian digunakan sejak tahap perencanaan penelitian hingga penyusunan laporan akhir. Pada tahap awal, peneliti memilih metode yang paling sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Misalnya, penelitian yang bertujuan mengukur hubungan antarvariabel akan menggunakan metode kuantitatif, sementara penelitian yang mengeksplorasi fenomena sosial secara mendalam lebih cocok menggunakan metode kualitatif (Etikan & Bala, 2017).

Where (Di Mana Metode Penelitian Diterapkan?)

Metode penelitian diterapkan di berbagai bidang ilmu, seperti pendidikan, kesehatan, teknologi, ekonomi, hingga ilmu sosial. Lokasi penerapannya dapat berupa laboratorium, lapangan, institusi pendidikan, perusahaan, atau lingkungan masyarakat, tergantung pada jenis data yang dibutuhkan. Sebagai contoh, penelitian lapangan digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data primer langsung dari responden, sedangkan penelitian laboratorium digunakan untuk eksperimen yang membutuhkan kontrol variabel ketat.

How (Bagaimana Metode Penelitian Dilaksanakan?)

Pelaksanaan metode penelitian dimulai dengan merumuskan masalah, menentukan tujuan penelitian, memilih desain penelitian, menentukan populasi dan sampel, mengumpulkan data dengan instrumen yang tepat, menganalisis data, dan menarik kesimpulan (Neuman, 2020).

Contoh:

Sebuah penelitian ingin mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan media pembelajaran interaktif terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Peneliti menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok eksperimen yang menggunakan media interaktif dan kelompok kontrol yang menggunakan metode konvensional. Data hasil belajar dianalisis menggunakan uji-t untuk melihat perbedaan signifikan antar kelompok.

Referensi

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2021). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 215–217. https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2017.05.00149

Neuman, W. L. (2020). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (8th ed.). Pearson.

Sugiyono. (2019). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.

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