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5 Cara Menentukan Metode Penelitian: Analisis 5W1H


📖 5 Cara Menentukan Metode Penelitian: Analisis 5W1H

1. What (Apa Itu Metode Penelitian?)

Metode penelitian adalah pendekatan sistematis yang digunakan peneliti untuk mengumpulkan, menganalisis, dan menafsirkan data dalam rangka menjawab pertanyaan penelitian (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). Metode ini berfungsi sebagai “jalan” ilmiah yang membedakan penelitian dengan opini pribadi.
Jenis metode utama:

  • Kuantitatif → berbasis angka, statistik, eksperimen, survei.
  • Kualitatif → berbasis teks, wawancara, observasi, fenomenologi.
  • Campuran (Mixed Method) → menggabungkan keduanya.

Contoh: Penelitian perilaku konsumen digital banking dapat menggunakan survei (kuantitatif) atau wawancara mendalam (kualitatif).

2. Who (Siapa yang Menentukan?)

Penentuan metode dipengaruhi oleh:

  • Peneliti → berdasarkan tujuan riset.
  • Pembimbing/Dosen → memberi arahan metodologis sesuai standar akademik.
  • Institusi → menyesuaikan dengan kurikulum (skripsi, tesis, disertasi).
  • Reviewer jurnal → menilai kesesuaian metode dengan tujuan penelitian.

Contoh: mahasiswa S2 manajemen biasanya diarahkan menggunakan kuantitatif (SEM/PLS), sedangkan mahasiswa pendidikan sering diarahkan ke metode kualitatif (studi kasus).

3. When (Kapan Ditentukan?)

Metode ditentukan sejak:

  1. Penyusunan proposal (Bab I–III skripsi/tesis).
  2. Kerangka teori & hipotesis sudah jelas.
  3. Instrumen penelitian akan dibuat (kuesioner, panduan wawancara).

Contoh: penelitian tentang efektivitas e-learning → metode kuantitatif dipilih sebelum penyusunan kuesioner.

4. Where (Di Mana Diterapkan?)

Metode penelitian digunakan pada:

  • Lapangan (field research): observasi, eksperimen, survei.
  • Laboratorium: eksperimen terkontrol.
  • Online (digital research): kuesioner Google Form, wawancara Zoom.
  • Dokumentasi: analisis isi, studi pustaka.

Contoh: penelitian efektivitas hybrid learning dapat menggunakan survei daring (kuantitatif) + wawancara dosen (kualitatif).

5. Why (Mengapa Penting?)

Metode penelitian penting karena:

  • Menjamin validitas & reliabilitas hasil.
  • Memberi dasar akademik agar penelitian diterima jurnal.
  • Menghubungkan teori dengan data empiris.
  • Membedakan penelitian ilmiah dari opini biasa.

Tanpa metode, penelitian tidak dapat diuji ulang dan kehilangan kredibilitas (Sekaran & Bougie, 2020).

6. How (Bagaimana Menentukannya?)

Langkah praktis:

  1. Tentukan pertanyaan penelitian.
  2. Sesuaikan dengan tujuan (eksplanatori, deskriptif, eksploratori).
  3. Pilih pendekatan (kuantitatif, kualitatif, campuran).
  4. Pertimbangkan ketersediaan data.
  5. Sesuaikan dengan waktu & sumber daya.

Contoh: penelitian tentang “Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepuasan Pengguna E-Wallet” → cocok pakai kuantitatif (SEM SmartPLS).

📊 Tabel Perbedaan Metode Penelitian

Metode Fokus Teknik Kelebihan Kekurangan Contoh
Kuantitatif Angka/statistik Survei, eksperimen Data objektif, bisa generalisasi Kurang menggali makna Survei 500 mahasiswa e-wallet
Kualitatif Makna/konteks Wawancara, observasi Mendalam, kontekstual Sulit digeneralisasi Studi kasus dosen & mahasiswa
Mixed Kombinasi Survei + wawancara Lengkap, validasi silang Waktu & biaya tinggi Survei + FGD pengguna fintech

✅ 5 Cara Menentukan Metode Penelitian

  1. Berdasarkan Tujuan Riset
    Jika ingin mengukur hubungan → kuantitatif. Jika ingin memahami fenomena → kualitatif.

  2. Berdasarkan Pertanyaan Riset
    Pertanyaan “berapa banyak?” → kuantitatif. Pertanyaan “mengapa/mengapa tidak?” → kualitatif.

  3. Berdasarkan Ketersediaan Data
    Jika ada data besar (big data, survei), pilih kuantitatif. Jika data terbatas (narasi, wawancara), pilih kualitatif.

  4. Berdasarkan Disiplin Ilmu
    Sains & bisnis → lebih sering kuantitatif. Ilmu sosial & pendidikan → lebih sering kualitatif.

  5. Berdasarkan Keterbatasan Peneliti
    Jika waktu singkat & biaya minim → kuantitatif survei online. Jika ada waktu & akses ke informan → kualitatif.

Contoh Praktis

Penelitian A: “Pengaruh Literasi Digital terhadap Adopsi E-Banking”
→ Kuantitatif, regresi linear/SEM.

Penelitian B: “Pengalaman Mahasiswa Menggunakan Hybrid Learning”
→ Kualitatif, wawancara fenomenologi.

Penelitian C: “Trust sebagai Mediasi dalam Green Sukuk”
→ Kuantitatif dengan SmartPLS.

Ajakan Diskusi

📌 Menurut Anda, apakah metode penelitian lebih baik ditentukan dari teori, ketersediaan data, atau preferensi peneliti?
💬 Tinggalkan komentar Anda di laacademic.com 🚀

📚 Referensi (APA, 2019–2024, Scopus & Books)

  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R. Springer.
  • Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students. Pearson education.
  • Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2020). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach. Wiley.
  • Venkatesh, V., Brown, S. A., & Sullivan, Y. W. (2020). Guidelines for conducting mixed-methods research. MIS Quarterly, 44(1), 435–465.



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