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Apa Itu Peer Review?

📖 Apa Itu Peer Review? Analisis dalam Format 5W1H

1. What (Apa Itu Peer Review?)

Peer review adalah proses evaluasi naskah ilmiah oleh para ahli sebidang sebelum diterbitkan dalam jurnal akademik (Tennant et al., 2020). Tujuannya untuk menilai kualitas, validitas, kebaruan, dan kontribusi ilmiah dari suatu penelitian. Dalam sistem ini, penulis mengirimkan naskah ke jurnal, kemudian editor menunjuk reviewer independen untuk memberikan penilaian, komentar, dan rekomendasi.

Peer review merupakan pilar utama dalam menjaga standar akademik global. Jurnal bereputasi seperti Nature, Science, atau jurnal Scopus Q1–Q2 sangat bergantung pada mekanisme ini untuk memastikan publikasi yang masuk memiliki integritas ilmiah (Horbach & Halffman, 2019).

2. Who (Siapa yang Terlibat dalam Peer Review?)

Tiga pihak utama yang terlibat adalah:

  1. Penulis (Author) → mengirimkan naskah ke jurnal.
  2. Editor Jurnal → menyeleksi awal naskah dan menentukan apakah naskah layak diteruskan ke reviewer.
  3. Reviewer (Peer) → pakar independen di bidang yang sama, menilai kualitas, metodologi, analisis, dan kontribusi naskah.

Contoh: seorang dosen hukum mengirim artikel ke Asian Journal of Law and Society. Editor akan meninjau desk review, lalu mengirim ke minimal dua reviewer dengan keahlian hukum dan sosial.

3. When (Kapan Peer Review Dilakukan?)

Peer review dilakukan setelah penulis submit naskah ke jurnal. Prosesnya meliputi:

  • Desk Review (0–2 minggu) → editor memutuskan apakah naskah layak diteruskan.
  • Review Utama (1–3 bulan) → reviewer membaca dan memberi komentar.
  • Revisi (1–2 bulan) → penulis memperbaiki naskah.
  • Final Decision (1–4 minggu) → editor memutuskan accept/reject.

Sejak pandemi COVID-19, beberapa jurnal mempercepat peer review untuk publikasi terkait kesehatan, misalnya vaksin COVID-19, agar hasil cepat diakses publik (Else, 2020).

4. Where (Di Mana Peer Review Digunakan?)

Peer review digunakan di hampir semua jurnal ilmiah internasional dan nasional terakreditasi.

  • Jurnal Scopus & WoS → mewajibkan peer review ketat.
  • SINTA 1–6 (Indonesia) → juga menerapkan peer review sesuai standar nasional.
  • Konferensi Internasional → misalnya IEEE, ACM, sering menerapkan double-blind review.

Contoh: artikel ekonomi di Journal of Development Economics akan diperiksa oleh minimal 2 reviewer dari universitas global.

5. Why (Mengapa Peer Review Penting?)

Peer review penting karena:

  1. Menjamin Kualitas → hanya penelitian yang valid & relevan yang terbit.
  2. Mencegah Plagiarisme → reviewer mendeteksi duplikasi.
  3. Meningkatkan Kredibilitas Penulis → artikel peer-reviewed lebih diakui dalam penilaian jabatan fungsional.
  4. Standar Global → semua publikasi ilmiah bereputasi menggunakan sistem ini (McDowell et al., 2019).

6. How (Bagaimana Proses Peer Review?)

Jenis peer review yang umum digunakan:

  1. Single-Blind Review → reviewer tahu identitas penulis, penulis tidak tahu reviewer.
  2. Double-Blind Review → kedua belah pihak anonim.
  3. Open Review → identitas penulis dan reviewer diketahui bersama.
  4. Post-Publication Review → publik menilai setelah artikel diterbitkan online.

Contoh: di Elsevier Journals, mayoritas menggunakan double-blind review, sementara F1000Research menerapkan open review yang transparan.

📊 Tabel Perbedaan Jenis Peer Review

Jenis Peer Review Ciri Utama Kelebihan Kekurangan Contoh Penggunaan
Single-Blind Reviewer tahu penulis Mudah diterapkan Bias reviewer mungkin muncul Jurnal nasional SINTA 2
Double-Blind Kedua pihak anonim Lebih objektif Proses administrasi lebih kompleks Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis
Open Review Identitas terbuka Transparansi tinggi Reviewer enggan memberi kritik tajam F1000Research, BMJ Open
Post-Publication Evaluasi setelah publikasi Diskusi publik luas Artikel buruk bisa lolos awalnya ArXiv, PubPeer

✅ Kelebihan Peer Review

  1. Meningkatkan kualitas naskah.
  2. Memberikan feedback konstruktif bagi penulis.
  3. Meningkatkan kepercayaan publik pada hasil penelitian.
  4. Menjadi standar akademik global.

⚠️ Kekurangan Peer Review

  1. Lama & mahal (butuh waktu 3–12 bulan).
  2. Bias reviewer (nama besar lebih mudah lolos).
  3. Tidak sepenuhnya mencegah kesalahan → artikel cacat metodologi kadang tetap terbit.
  4. Beban kerja reviewer tinggi → tidak selalu detail menilai (Smith, 2021).

Contoh Praktis

Seorang mahasiswa S3 di bidang manajemen mengirim artikel ke Journal of Business Research (Scopus Q1).

  • Step 1: Desk review → lulus.
  • Step 2: Double-blind review oleh dua profesor internasional.
  • Step 3: Reviewer meminta revisi metodologi SEM-PLS.
  • Step 4: Setelah revisi major, artikel diterima.

Proses ini menunjukkan bahwa peer review bukan sekadar formalitas, tetapi penyaring kualitas penelitian.

Ajakan Diskusi 💬

Peer review adalah fondasi akademik, tetapi juga sering dikritik karena lambat dan bias.

👉 Bagaimana menurut Anda, apakah sistem peer review masih relevan di era open science dan AI, atau perlu diganti dengan sistem evaluasi yang lebih cepat dan transparan?
Diskusikan di laacademic.com 🚀

📚 Referensi (APA, 2019–2024, Scopus & Books)

  • Else, H. (2020). How a torrent of COVID science changed research publishing. Nature, 588(7839), 553–555.
  • Horbach, S., & Halffman, W. (2019). Journal peer review and editorial evaluation: Cautionary tales. Scientometrics, 121(1), 295–318.
  • McDowell, G. S., Knutsen, J., Graham, J., Oelker, S. K., & Lijek, R. S. (2019). Co-reviewing and ghostwriting by early-career researchers in the peer review of manuscripts. eLife, 8, e48425.
  • Smith, R. (2021). Peer review: A flawed but indispensable system. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 114(9), 444–450.
  • Tennant, J. P., Crane, H., Crick, T., & Davila, J. (2020). The state of the art in peer review. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 367(5), fnaa012.



Please check our service, if you need help to publish your article in Scopus, Copernicus or even Sinta journal. 

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