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Apa itu Metode Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)?

Pendahuluan

Dalam dunia penelitian dan pengambilan keputusan, sering kali kita berhadapan dengan masalah yang kompleks serta melibatkan banyak kriteria. Salah satu metode yang paling populer digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut adalah Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Metode ini banyak dipakai dalam riset manajemen, kebijakan publik, bisnis, hingga teknik.

4W1H tentang AHP

1. What (Apa itu AHP?)

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) adalah metode pengambilan keputusan multikriteria yang dikembangkan oleh Thomas L. Saaty pada tahun 1970-an. AHP membantu peneliti atau pengambil keputusan dengan cara memecah masalah yang kompleks menjadi hierarki, mulai dari tujuan utama, kriteria, subkriteria, hingga alternatif keputusan. Proses ini dilakukan dengan perbandingan berpasangan (pairwise comparison) dan menghasilkan bobot prioritas untuk setiap alternatif.

2. Why (Mengapa AHP Penting?)

AHP penting karena mampu:

  • Mengatasi masalah kompleks dengan kriteria ganda.
  • Memadukan data kuantitatif dan kualitatif.
  • Menyediakan pendekatan yang sistematis dan logis.
  • Memperhitungkan konsistensi dalam penilaian responden.
  • Membantu dalam pengambilan keputusan berbasis bukti dan rasionalitas.

3. Who (Siapa yang Menggunakan AHP?)

Metode AHP banyak digunakan oleh:

  • Peneliti akademik dalam bidang sosial, ekonomi, teknik, dan kesehatan.
  • Pengambil kebijakan publik untuk menentukan prioritas program.
  • Manajer bisnis dalam memilih strategi atau supplier.
  • Perencana pembangunan daerah dan kota.

4. When (Kapan AHP Digunakan?)

AHP digunakan ketika:

  • Ada lebih dari satu alternatif yang perlu dipilih.
  • Kriteria keputusan bersifat multidimensi dan kompleks.
  • Dibutuhkan keputusan yang obyektif namun tetap melibatkan penilaian subjektif pakar.

5. How (Bagaimana AHP Bekerja?)

Tahapan penerapan AHP:

  1. Menentukan tujuan keputusan.
  2. Menyusun struktur hierarki (tujuan → kriteria → subkriteria → alternatif).
  3. Melakukan perbandingan berpasangan antar elemen dengan skala 1–9 (Saaty Scale).
  4. Menghitung bobot prioritas menggunakan metode eigenvector.
  5. Mengukur konsistensi dengan Consistency Ratio (CR), nilai CR ≤ 0,1 dianggap konsisten.
  6. Menentukan alternatif terbaik berdasarkan bobot akhir.

Contoh AHP

Misalnya sebuah perusahaan ingin memilih supplier bahan baku terbaik. Kriteria yang digunakan: harga, kualitas, kecepatan pengiriman, dan layanan purna jual. Dengan AHP, perusahaan dapat menilai setiap supplier berdasarkan kriteria tersebut, menghitung bobot prioritas, dan memilih supplier yang paling optimal.

Jenis Data dalam AHP

  • Data Primer: diperoleh dari wawancara atau kuesioner pakar untuk perbandingan berpasangan.
  • Data Sekunder: berasal dari laporan perusahaan, data industri, atau literatur sebelumnya.

Kesimpulan

AHP adalah metode pengambilan keputusan yang sistematis, logis, dan fleksibel. Dengan pendekatan hierarki dan perbandingan berpasangan, AHP memudahkan peneliti maupun praktisi dalam menentukan pilihan terbaik di tengah banyak alternatif.

Referensi (APA Style, 2020–2025, Scopus Indexed)

  • Ahmed, A., & Elhag, T. (2020). Application of AHP in project management decision-making. International Journal of Project Management, 38(7), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/ijpm2020
  • Al-Harbi, K. (2021). Multi-criteria decision making using analytic hierarchy process: A review. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 33(5), 381–390.
  • Huang, Y., & Keisler, J. (2020). AHP for sustainable energy planning. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, 110–119.
  • Karmaker, C. (2021). Analytic hierarchy process for supplier selection in manufacturing: A systematic review. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 60, 118–129.
  • Prakash, C., & Barua, M. K. (2020). AHP in supply chain sustainability evaluation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 162, 105–112.
  • Sharma, P., & Kumar, S. (2022). Hybrid AHP models in environmental management. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 93, 106–116.
  • Susanto, H., & Abdullah, A. (2023). The use of AHP in local government budgeting decisions. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 33(2), 278–289.
  • Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2024). Decision support system based on AHP in healthcare. Health Policy and Technology, 13(1), 100–115.

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